References 1 through 126 were used in the Medical Hypotheses Article. References 127 and higher are additional articles supporting the Institute's research or claims made in this website.

1. Borrow, P., Lewicki, H., Hahn, B., Shaw, G., and Oldstone, M. 1994. Virus-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity associated with the control of viremia in primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J. Virol. 68:6103-6110

2. D'Souza, M., and Mathieson, B. 1996. Early phases of HIV type 1 infection. AIDS Res. and Hum. Retro. 12:1-9

3. Koup, R., Safrit, J., Cao, Y, et al. 1994. Temporal association of cellular immune responses with the initial control of viremia in primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 syndrome. J. Virol. 68:4650-4655

4. Reinhardt, B., Torbett, B., Gulizia, R., Reinhardt, P.,Spector, S., and Mosier, D. 1994. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of neonatal severe combined immunodeficient mice xenografted with human cord blood cells. AIDS Res. and Hum. Retro. 10:131-141

5. Albert, J., Abrahamsson, B., Nagy, K., et al. 1990. Rapid development of isolate-specific neutralizing antibodies after primary HIV- 1 infection and consequent emergence of virus variants which resist neutralization by autologous sera. AIDS 4:107-112

6. Tamalet, C., Lafeuillade, A., Tourres, C., Yahi, N., Vignoli, C., and De Mico, P. 1994. Inefficacy of neutralizing antibodies against autologous lymph-node HIV-1 isolates in patients with early-stage HIV. AIDS. 8:388-389

7. Hahn, B., Shaw, G., Taylor, M., et al. 1986. Genetic variation in HTLV-III/LAV over time in patients with AIDS or at risk for AIDS. Science. 232:1548-1553

8. Meyerhans, A., Cheynier, R., Albert, J., et al. 1989. Temporal fluctuations in HIV quasispecies in vivo are not reflected by sequential HIV isolations. Cell. 58:901-910

9. Andris, J., and Capra, J. 1995. The molecular structure of human antibodies specific for the human immunodeficiency virus. J. Clin. Immunol. 15:17-26

10. Fan, J., Bass, H., and Fahey, J. 1993. Elevated IFN- and decreased IL-2 gene expression are associated with HIV infection. J. Immunol. 151:5031-5040

11. Clerici, M., and Shearer, G. 1993. A TH1 to TH2 switch is a critical step in the etiology of HIV infection. Immunol. Today. 14:107- 110

12. Graziosi, C., Grant, K., Vaccarezza, M., et al. 1996. Kinetics of cytokine expression during primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 93:4386-4391

13. Mizuma, H., Zolla-Pazner, S., Litwin, S., et al. 1987. Serum IgD elevation is an early marker of B cell activation during infection with the human immunodeficiency virus. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 68:5-14

14. Kinter, A., Bende, S., Hardy, E., Jackson, R., and Fauci, A. 1995. Interleukin 2 induces CD8+ T cell-mediated suppression of human immunodeficiency virus replication in CD4+ T cells and this effect overrides its ability to stimulate virus expression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92:10985-10989

15. Clerici, M., Sarin, A., Coffman, R., et al. 1994. Type 1/type 2 cytokine modulation of T-cell programmed cell death as a model for human immunodeficiency virus pathogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 91:11811- 11815

16. Meroni, L., Trabattoni, D., Balotta, C., et al. 1996. Evidence for type 2 cytokine production and lymphocyte activation in the early phases of HIV-1 infection. AIDS. 10:23-30

17. Groux, H., Bigler, M., de Vries, J., and Roncarolo, M. 1996. Interleukin-10 induces a long-term antigen-specific anergic state in human CD4+ T cells. J. Exp. Med. 184:19-29

18. Clerici, M., Balotta, C., Meroni, L., et al. 1996. Type 1 cytokine production and low prevalence of viral isolation correlate with long-term noprogression in HIV infection. AIDS Res. and Hum. Retro. 11:1053-1061

19. Zanussi, S., Simonelli, C., D'Andrea, M., et al. 1996. CD8+ lymphocyte phenotype and cytokine production in long-term non-progressor and in progressor patients with HIV-1 infection. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 105:220-224

20. Fauci, A. 1988. The human immunodeficiency virus: infectivity and mechanisms of pathogenesis. Science. 239:617-622

21. Walker, B., and Plata, F. 1990. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes against HIV. AIDS. 4:177-184

22. Yang, O., Kalams, S., Rosenzweig, M., et al. 1996. Efficient lysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J. Virol. 70:5799-5806

23. Earl, P., Koenig, S., and Moss, B. 1991. Biological and immunological properties of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein: analysis of proteins with truncations and deletions expressed by recombinant vaccina viruses. J. Virol. 65:31-41

24. Aloia, R., F. Jensen, C. Curtain, P. Mobley, and L. Gordon. 1988. Lipid composition and fluidity of the human immunodeficiency virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 85:900-904

25. McDougal, J., Kennedy, M., Sligh, J., Cort, S., Mawle, A., and Nicholson, J. 1986. Binding of HTLV-III/LAV to T₄+ cells by a complex of the 110K viral protein and the T₄ molecule. Science. 231:382-385

26. Brogi, A., Presentini, R., Solazzo, D., Piomboni, P., and Costantino-Ceccarini, E. 1996. Interaction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 with a galactoglycerolipid associated with human sperm. AIDS Res. and Hum. Retro. 6:483-489

27. Fantini, J., Cook, D., Nathanson, N., Spitalnik, S., and Gonzalez-Scarano, F. 1993. Infection of colonic epithelial cell lines by type 1 human immunodeficiency virus is associated with cell surface expression of galactosyl ceramide, a potential alternative gp120 receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 90:2700-2704

28. Harouse, J., Bhat, S., Spitalnik, S., et al. 1991. Inhibition of entry of HIV-1 in neural cell lines by antibodies against galactosyl ceramide. Science. 253:320-323

29. Nuovo, G., Gallery, F., MacConnell, and Braun, A. 1994. In situ detection of polymerase chain reaction-amplified HIV-1 nucleic acids and tumor necrosis factor-a RNA in the central nervous system. Am. J. Pathol. 144:659-666

30. Shioda, T., Levy, J., and Cheng-Mayer, C. 1991. Macrophage and T cell-line tropisms of HIV-1 are determined by specific regions of the envelope gp120 gene. Nature. 349:167-169

31. Stamatatos, L., Werner, A., and Cheng-Mayer, C. 1994. Differential regulation of cellular tropism and sensitivity to soluble CD4 neutralization by the envelope gp120 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol. 68:4973-4979

32. Hart, T., Klinkner, A., Ventre, J., and Bugelski, P. 1993. Morphometric analysis of envelope glycoprotein gp120 distribution on HIV-1 virions. J. Histochem. and Cytochem. 41:265-271

33. Pyle, S., Bess, J., Robey, W., Fischinger, P., Gilden, R., and Arthur, L. 1987. Purification of 120,000 dalton envelope gllycoprotein from culture fluids of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected H9 cells. AIDS Res. and Hum. Retro. 3:387-400

34. Schneider, J., Kaaden, O., Copeland, T., Oroszlan, S., and Hunsmann, G. 1986. Shedding and interspecies type sero-reactivity of the envelope glycopolypeptide gp120 of the human immunodeficiency virus. J. Gen. Virol. 67:2533-2538

35. Moore, J., McKeating, J., Weiss, R., and Sattenau, Q. 1990. Disassociation of gp120 from HIV-1 virions induced by soluble CD4. Science. 250:1139-1142

36. Poignard, P., Fouts, T., Naniche, D., Moore, J., and Sattentau, Q. 1996. Neutralizing antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type-1 gp120 induce envelope glycoprotein subunit disassociation. J. Exp. Med. 183:473-484

37. Werner, A., and Levy, J. 1993. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope gp120 is cleaved after incubation with recombinant soluble CD4. J. Virol. 67:2566-2574

38. Oh, S., Cruikshank, W., Raina, J., et al. 1992. Identification of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein in the serum of AIDS and ARC patients. J. AIDS. 5:251-256

39. Bour, S., Geleziunas, R., and Wainberg, M. 1995. The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) CD4 receptor and its central role in promotion of HIV-1 infection. Microbiological Rev. 59:63-93

40. Rao, S., Fillipone, E., Nicastri, A., et al. 1984. Associated focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 310:669-673

41. Cefai, D., Ferrer, M., Serpente, N., et al. 1992. Internalization of HIV glycoprotein gp120 is associated with down- modulation of membrane CD4 and p56lck together with impairment of T cell activation. J. Immunol. 149:285-294

42. Crise, B., Buonocore, L., and Rose, J. 1990. CD4 is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 glycoprotein precursor. J. Virol. 64:5585-5593

43. Jabbar, M., and Nayak, D. 1990. Intracellular interaction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (ARV-2) envelope glycoprotein gp160 with CD4 blocks the movement and maturation of CD4 to the plasma membrane. J. Virol. 64:6297-6304

44. Oyaizu, N., Chirmule, N., Kalyanaraman, V., Hall, W., Good, R., and Pahwa, S. 1990. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 produces immune defects in CD4+ T lymphocytes by inhibiting interleukin 2 mRNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:2379-2383

45. Wahren, B., Morfeldt-Mansson, L., Biberfeld, G., et al. 1987. Characteristics of the cell-mediated immune response in human immunodeficiency virus infection. J. Virol. 61:2017-2023

46. Stein, D., Timpone, J., Gradon, J., Kagan, J., and Schnittman, S. 1993. Immune-based therapeutics: scientific rationale and the promising approaches to treatment of the human immunodeficiency virus- infected individual. Clin. Infect. Dis. 17:749-771

47. Chu, C., and Londei, M. 1996. Induction of Th2 cytokines and control of collagen-induced arthritis by nondepleting anti-CD4 abs. J. Immunol. 157:2685-2689

48. Berberian, L., Goodglick, L., Kipps, T., and Braun, J. 1993. Immunoglobulin VH3 gene products: Natural ligands for HIV gp120. Science 261:1588-1591

49. Shirai, A., Cosentino, M., Leitman-Klinman, S., and Klinman, D. 1992. Human immunodeficiency virus infection induces both polyclonal and virus-specific B-cell activation. J. Clin. Invest. 89:561-566

50. Erb, K., Ruger, B., von Brevern, M., Ryffel, B., Schimpl, A., and Rivett, K. 1997. Constitutive expression of interleukin (IL)-4 in vivo causes autoimmune-type disorders in mice. J. Exp. Med. 185:329-339

51. De Santis, C., Lopalco, L., Robboni, P., et al. 1994. Human antibodies to immunodominant C5 region of HIV-1 gp120 cross-react with HLA class 1 on activated cells. AIDS Res. and Hum. Retro. 10:157-162

52. Kowalski, M., Ardman, B., Basiripour, L., et al. 1989. Antibodies to CD4 in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 86:3346-3350

53. Martin, L., Idziorek, T., Lehen, A., Gluckman, J., and Klatzmann, D. 1994. Anti-CD4 autoantibodies in HIV-infected individuals: detection by two immunoenzymatic techniques. AIDS. 8:389-390

54. Kopelman, R., and Zolla-Pazner, S. 1988. Association of human immunodeficiency virus infection and autoimmune phenomena. Am. J. Med. 84:82-88

55. Martinez-Maza, O., Crabb, E., Mitsuyasu, R., Fahey, J., and Giorgi, J. 1987. Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with an in vivo increase in B lymphocyte activation and immaturity. J. Immunol. 138:3720-3724

56. Andris, J., Johnson, S., Zolla-Pazner, S., and Capra, J. 1991. Molecular characterization of five anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 antibody heavy chains revels extensive somatic mutation typical of an antigen-driven immune response. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:7783-7787

57. Kang, C., Nara, P., Chamat, S., et al. 1991. Evidence for non- V3-specific neutralizing antibodies that interfere with gp120/CD4 binding in human immunodeficiency virus 1-infected humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 88:6171-6175

58. Chamat, S., Nara, P., Berquist, L., et al. 1992. Two major groups of neutralizing anti-gp120 antibodies exist in HIV-infected individuals. J. Immunol. 149:649-654

59. Schreiber, M., Petersen, H., Wachsmuth, C., Muller, H., Hufert, F., and Schmitz, H. 1994. Antibodies of symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individuals are directed to the V3 domain of noninfectious and not of infectious virions present in autologous serum. J. Virol. 68:3908-3916

60. Bonavida, B., Katz, J., and Gottlieb, M. 1986. Mechanism of defective NK cell activity in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex. J. Immunol. 137:1157-1163

61. Rook, A., Hooks, J., Quinnan, G., et al. 1985. Interleukin 2 enhances the natural killer cell activity of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients through a g-interferon-independent mechanism. J. Immunol. 134:1503-1507

62. Lyerly, H., Matthews, T., Langlois, A., Bolognesi, D., and Weinhold, K. 1987. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus IIIB glycoprotein (gp120) bound to CD4 determinants on normal lymphocytes and expressed by infected cells serves as target for immune attack. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 84:4601-4605

63. Hober, D., Jewett, A., and Bonavida, B. 1995. Lysis of uninfected HIV-1 gp120-coated peripheral blood-derived T lymphocytes by monocyte-mediated antibody-dependant cellular cytotoxicity. FEMS Immunol. and Med. Microbiol. 10:83-92

64. Lyerly, H., Reed, D., Matthews, T., et al. 1987. Anti-gp120 antibodies from HIV seropositive individuals mediate broadly reactive anti- HIV ADCC. AIDS Res. and Hum. Retro. 4:409-422

65. Weinhold, K., Lyerly, H., Stanley, S., Austin, A., Matthews, T., and Bolognesi, D. 1989. HIV-1 gp120-mediated immune suppression and lymphocyte destruction in the absence of viral infection. J. Immunol. 142:3091-3097

66. Pantaleo, G., Graziosi, C., Demarest, J., et al. 1993. HIV infection is active and progressive in lymphoid tissue during the clinically latent stage of disease. Nature. 362:355-358

67. Ho, D., Moudgil, T., and Alam, M. 1989. Quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in the blood of infected persons. N. Eng. J. Med. 321:1621-1625

68. Ho, D., Neumann, A., Perelson, A., Chen, W., Leonard, J., and Markowitz, M. 1995. Rapid turnover of plasma virions and CD4 lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection. Nature. 373:123-126

69. Embretson, J., Zupancic, M., Ribas, J., et al. 1993. Massive covert infection of helper T lymphocytes and macrophages by HIV during the incubation period of AIDS. Nature. 362:359-362

70. Garziosi, C., Pantaleo, G., Butini, L., et al. 1993. Kinetics of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) DNA and RNA synthesis during primary HIV-1 infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 90:6405-6409

71. Weiss, R. 1993. How does HIV cause AIDS? Science. 260:1273- 1279

72. Cao, Y., Qin, L., Zhang, L., Safrit, J., and Ho, D. 1995. Virologic and immunologic characterization of long-term survivors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 332:201-208

73. Lane, H., Masur, H., Edgar, L., Whalen, G., Rook, A., and Fauci, A. 1983. Abnormalities of B-cell activation and immunoregulation in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N. Eng. J. Med. 309:453-458

74. Gurley, R., Ikeuchi, K., Byrn, R., Anderson, K., and Groopman, J. 1989. CD4+ lymphocyte function with early human immunodeficiency virus infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 86:1993-1997

75. Lane, H., Depper, J., Greene, W., Whalen, G., Waldmann, T., and Fauci, A. 1985. Qualitative analysis of immune function in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: evidence for a selective defect in soluble antigen recognition. N. Engl. J. Med. 313:79-84

76. Miedema, F.,Chantal Petit, A., Terpstra, F., et al. 1988. Immunologic abnormalities in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected asymptomatic homosexual men. J. Clin. Invest. 82:1908-1914

77. Adachi, Y., Oyaizu, N., Than, S., McCloskey, T.W., and Pahwa, S. 1996. IL-2 rescues in vitro lymphocyte apoptosis in patients with HIV infection. J. Immunol. 157:4184-4193

78. Finkel, T., Tudor-Williams, G., Banda, N., et al. 1995. Apoptosis occurs predominantly in bystander cells and not in productively infected cells of HIV- and SIV-infected lymph nodes. Nat. Med. 1:129-134

79. Finbloom, D., Hoover, D., and Meltzer, M. 1991. Binding of recombinant HIV coat protein gp120 to human monocytes. J. Immunol. 146:1316-1321

80. Schnittman, S., Lane, H., Roth, J., et al. 1988. Characterization of gp120 binding to CD4 and an assay that measures ability of sera to inhibit this binding. J. Immunol. 141:4181-4186

81. Schols, D., and De Clercq, E. 1996. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 induces anergy in human peripheral blood lymphocytes by inducing interleukin-10 production. J. Virol. 70:4953-4960

82. Laurent-Crawford, A., Krust, B., Muller, S., et al. 1991. The cytopathic effect of HIV is associated with apoptosis. Virology. 185:829- 839

83. Amadori, A., DeSilvestro, G., Zamarchi, R., et al. 1992. CD4 epitope masking by gp120/anti-gp120 antibody complexes. J. Immunol. 148:2709-2716

84. Bank, I., and Chess, L. 1985. Perturbation of the T₄ molecule transmits a negative signal to T cells. J. Exp. Med. 162:1294-1303

85. Fournel, S., Vincent, C., Assossou, A., et al. 1996. CD4 mAbs prevent progression of alloactivated CD4+ T cells into the S phase of the cell cycle without interfering with early activation signals. Transplantation. 62:1136-1143

86. Jabado, N., Pallier, A., Le Deist, F., Bernard, F., Fischer, A., and Hivroz, C. 1997. CD4 ligands inhibit the formation of multifunctional transduction complexes involved in T cell activation. J. Immunol. 158:94-103

87. Ledbetter, J., June, C., Rabinovitch, P., Grossman, A., Tsu, T., and Imboden, J. 1988. Signal transduction through CD4 receptors: stimulatory vs. inhibitory activity is regulated by CD4 proximity to the CD3/T cell receptor. Eur. J. Immunol. 18:525-532

88. Newell, M., Haughn, L., Maroun, C., and Julius, M. 1990. Death of mature T cells by separate ligation of CD4 and the T-cell receptor for antigen. Nature. 347:286-289

89. Chirmule, N., and Pahwa, S. 1996. Envelope glycoproteins of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: profiund influences on immune functions. Microbiological Rev. 60:386-406

90. Lamarre, D., Ashkenazi, A., Fleury, S., Smith, D., Sekaly, R., and Capon, D. 1989. The MHC-binding and gp120-binding functions of CD4 are separable. Science. 245:743-245

91. Arima, T., Lehmann, M., and Flye, M. 1997. Induction of donor specific transplantation tolerance to cardiac allografts following treatment with nondepleting (RIB 5/2) or depleting (OX-38) anti-CD4 mAB plus intrathymic or intravenous donor alloantigen. Transplantation. 63:284-292

92. Cobbold, S., Adams, E., Marshall, S., Davies, J., and Waldmann, H. 1996. Mechanisms of peripheral tolerance and suppression induced by monoclonal antibodies to CD4 and CD8. Immunol. Rev. 149:5-33

93. Mottram, P., Han, W., Purcell, L., McKenzie, I., and Hancock, W. 1995. Increased expression of IL-4 and IL-10 and decreased expression of IL-2 and interferon-g in long-surviving mouse heart allografts after brief CD4-monoclonal antibody therapy. Transplantation. 59:559-565

94. Stumbles, P., and Mason, D. 1995. Activation of CD4+ T cells in the presence of a nondepleting monoclonal antibody to CD4 induces a Th2- type response in vitro. J. Exp. Med. 182:5-13

95. Vincent, C., Fournel, S., Wijdenes, J., and Revillard, J. 1995. Specific hyporesponsiveness of alloreactive peripheral T cells induced by CD4 antibodies. Eur. J. Immunol. 25:816-822

96. Mittler, R., and Hoffman, M. 1989. Synergism between HIV gp120 and gp120-specific antibody in blocking human T cell activation. Science. 245:1380-1382

97. Daniel, V., Susal, C., Weimer, R., Zimmerman, R., Huth-Kuhne, A., and Opelz, G. 1993. Association of T cell and macrophage dysfunction with surface gp120-immunoglobulin-complement complexes in HIV-infected patients. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 93:152-156

98. Mosmann, T. 1994. Cytokine patterns during the progression to AIDS. Science. 265:193-194

99. Godert, S., Germann, T., Hoehn, P., et al. 1996. Th1 development of naive CD4+ T cells is inhibited by co-activation with anti- CD4 monoclonal antibodies. J. Immunol. 157:566-573

100. Murphy, E., Shibuya, K., Hosken, N., et al. 1996. Reversibility of T helper 1 and 2 populations is lost after long-term stimulation. J. Exp. Med. 183:901-913

101. Quinnan, G., Kirmani, N., Rook, A., et al. 1982. Cytotoxic T cells in cytomegalovirus infection. HLA-restricted T-lymphocyte and non-T- lymphocyte cytotoxic responses correlate with recovery from cytomegalovirus infection in bone-marrow transplant recipients. N. Engl. J. Med. 307:7-13

102. Roth, A., Wecke, J., Karsten, V., and Janitschke, K. 1997. Light and electron microscopy of carbohydrate antigens found in the electron-lucent layer of Pneumocystis carinii cysts. Parasitology Res. 83:177-184

103. Field, E., Rouse, T., Flemming, A., Jamali, I., and Cowdrey, J. 1992. Altered IFN- and IL-4 secretion in mice partially depleted of CD4 T cells by anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody. J. Immunol. 149:1131-1137

104. Holaday, B., Pompeu, M., Evans, T., et al. 1993. Correlates of Leishmania-specific immunity in the clinical spectrum of infection with Leishmania chagasi. J. Infect. Dis. 167:411-417

105. Desbarats, J., Freed, J., Campbell, P., and Newell, M. 1996. Fas (CD95) expression and death-mediating function are induced by CD4 crosslinking on CD4+ T cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 93:11014-11018

106. Silvestris, F., Nagata, S., Cafforio, P., Silvestris, N., and Dammacco, F. 1996. Cross-linking of Fas by antibodies to a peculiar domain of gp120 V3 loop can enhance T cell apoptosis in HIV-1-infected patients. J. Exp. Med. 184:2287-2300

107. Banda, N., Bernier, J., Kurahara, D., et al. 1992. Crosslinking CD4 by human immunodeficiency virus gp120 primes T cells for activation-induced apoptosis. J. Exp. Med. 176:1099-1106

108. Foster, S., Beverley, P., and Aspinall, R. 1995. gp120- induced programmed cell death in recently activated T cells without subsequent ligation of the T cell receptor. Eur. J. Immunol. 25:1778- 1782

109. Zolla-Pazner, S., Des Jarlais, D., Friedman, S., et al. 1987. Nonrandom development of immunologic abnormalities after infection with human immunodeficiency virus: implications for immunologic classification of the disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 84:5404-5408

110. Muller, C., Kukel, S., and Bauer, R. 1993. Relationship of antibodies against CD4+ T cells in HIV-infected patients to markers of activation and progression: autoantibodies are closely correlated with CD4 cell depletion. Immunology. 79:248-254

111. Zwart, G., van der Hoek, L., Valk, M., et al. 1994. Antibody responses to HIV-1 envelope and GAG epitopes in HIV-1 seroconverters with rapid versus slow disease progression. Virology. 201:285-293

112. Wang, Z., Orlikowsky, T., Dudhane, A., et al. 1994. Deletion of T lymphocytes in human CD4 transgenic mice induced by HIV-gp120 and gp120-specific antibodies from AIDS patients. Eur. J. Immunol. 24:1553- 1557

113. Connor, R., Mohri, H., Cao, Y., and Ho, D. 1993. Increased burden and cytopathicity correlate temporally with CD4+ T-lymphocyte decline and clinical progression in human immunodeficiency virus type 1- infected individuals. J. Virol. 67:1772-1777

114. Kelker, H., Seidlin, M., Vogler, M., and Valentine, F. 1992. Lymphocytes from some long-term heterosexual partners of HIV-infected individuals proliferate in response to HIV antigens. AIDS Res. and Hum. Retro. 8:1355-1359

115. Murphy, J., and Strom, T. 1990. Diphtheria toxin-peptide hormone fusion proteins: protein engineering and selective action of a new class of recombinant biological response modifiers. in ADP- ribosylating toxins and G proteins. J. Moss and M. Vaughan, eds. American Society of Microbiologists. Washington D.C. P. 141-160

116. Choe, S., Bennett, M., Fuji, G., et al. 1992. The crystal structure of Diphtheria toxin. Nature. 357:216-357

117. Greenfield, L., Johnson, V., and Youle, R. 1987. Mutations in Diphtheria toxin separate binding from entry and amplify immunotoxin activity. Science. 238:536-539

118. Williams, D., Snider, C., Strom, T., and Murphy, J. 1990. Structure/function analysis of interleukin-2-toxin (DAB486-IL-2). J. Biol. Chem. 265:11885-11889

119. Yamaizumi, M., Mekada, E., Uchida, T., and Okada, Y. 1978. One molecule of diphtheria toxin fragment A introduced into a cell can kill the cell. Cell. 15:245-250

120. Olshevsky, U., Helseth, E., Furman, C., Li, J., Haseltine, W., and Sodroski, J. 1990. Identification of individual human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 amino acids improtant for CD4 receptor binding. J. Virol. 64:5701-5707

121. Matthews, T., Weinhold, K., Lyerly, H., Langlois, A., Wigzell, H., and Bolognesi, D. 1987. Interaction between human T-cell lymphotropic virus type IIIB envelope glycoprotein gp120 and the surface antigen CD4: role of carbohydrate in binding and cell fusion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 84:5424-5428

122. Crowl, R., Ganguly, K., Gordon, M., et al. 1985. HTLV-III env gene products synthesized in E. coli are recognized by antibodies present in the sera of AIDS patients. Cell. 41:979-986

123. Calvete, J., Newell, D., Wright, A., and Rose, M. 1994. In vitro and in vivo antitumor activity of ZENECA ZD0490, a recombinant ricin A-chain immunotoxin for the treatment of colorectal cancer. Cancer Res. 54:4684-4690

124. Pastan, I., Archer, G., McLendon, R., et al. 1995. Intrathecal administration of single-chain immunotoxin, LMB-7 [B3(Fv)- PE38], produces cures of carcinomatous meningitis in a rat model. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 92:2765-2769

125. Frankel, A., FitzGerald, D., Siegall, C., and Press, O. 1996. Advances in immunotoxin biology and therapy: a summary of the fourth international symposium on immunotoxins. Cancer Res. 56:926-932

126. Thompson, J., Hu, H., Scharff, J., and Neville, D. 1995. An anti-CD3 single-chain immunotoxin with a truncated diphtheria toxin avoids inhibition by pre-existing antibodies in human blood. J. Biol. Chem. 270:28037-28041

127. Finco, O., Nuti, S., De Magistris, M. T., et. al. 1997. Induction of CD4+ T cell depletion in mice doubly transgenic for HIV gp120 and human CD4. Eur. J. Immunology. 27: 1319-1324.

128. Kang, Y., Melo, E. F. M., Scott, D. 1998. An ongoing immune response to HIV envelope gp120 in human CD4-transgenic mice contributes to T cell decline upon intravenous administration of gp120. Eur. J. Immunology. 28: 2253-2264.

129. Wykrzykowska, J. J., Rosenzweig, M., Veazey, R. S., et. al. 1998. Early regeneration of thymic progenitors in rhesus macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus. J. Exp. Med. 187:1767-1778.

130. Sant'Angelo, D. B., Lucas, B., Waterbury, P. G., et. al. 1998. A molecular map of T cell development. Immunity. 9:179-186.

Support Our Research     Contact Us     Technical Information